| GPH 111 - Review Sheet for Midterm V - This review sheet is supplemental to the Exam Wikis. Wikis are the most current and best review documents for exams. Exam is worth 100 pts + many bonus questions linked to photos to id features or landforms. |
| PLATE TECTONICS (11) and EARTH MATERIALS (8) - (19 Questions) |
| TERMS: |
| Wegener, Conduction, convection, core, mantle, crust, asthenosphere, lithosphere, sima, sial, Gutenburg discontinuity, Mohorovicic (Moho) discontinuity, lithospheric plates, Pangaea, constructive plate boundary, destructive plate boundary, divergent plate boundary, convergent plate boundary, rift zone, sea-floor spreading, subduction zone, oceanic crust, continental crust, island arc, hot spot, transverse boundary, igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks, felsic, mafic, granite, rhyolite, basalt, gabbro, obsidian, pumice, sandstone, shale, limestone, anthracite coal, bituminous coal, peat, gneiss, slate, marble, quartzite, foliation, rock cycle, intrusive, extrusive, fine grained, coarse grained, glassy texture, compaction, cementation, chemical precipitation, precursor, pluton, batholith, sill, dike, laccolith |
| CONCEPTS: |
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Layers of the earth and their characteristics; what was pangaea, plate tectonics theory; major plates and their direction of movement; earthquake and volcanic relationship to plate boundaries; different types of plate boundaries and what happens at each type (divergent, convergent, hot spot). How does the age of the ocean floor change as you move away from the midocean ridges? Know the different rock forming methods: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. Know the various types of rocks we discussed in class and which category they belong to. How to recognize igneous intrusive vs. extrusive rocks. Cooling rates and relationship to crystal size. How are sedimentary rocks made? Which are chemical vs organic vs clastic sedimentary rocks. How are metamorphic rocks made? Know the precursors for the various metamorphic rocks discussed in class. Different pluton forms. Difference between continental vs oceanic crust materials. |
| Make sure you know: *the layers of the earth; which are solid and which are liquid; which layer is the thinnest and which is thickest *know which layers generates Earth's magnetic field *composition of the earth's core *what was Pangaea? and who proposed the theory of continental drift *ages of rocks (young vs. old) on the ocean floor - where are they young/old? *know the two discontinuities: Gutenberg and Moho and where they are located *divergent vs convergent plate boundaries and what landforms are created at each *characteristics of the East African Rift Zone *Igneous rocks and the change in their appearance depending on cooling rate: know what intrusive vs extrusive means and know rock examples of each of these. *felsic vs mafic: which is continental crust and which is oceanic, what are the composition differences and density differences; also the terms sima and sial and how they are linked to felsic and mafic *know the different ways in which sedimentary rocks can form *know the precursor or parent rock for the metamorphic rocks that are in your lecture notes *sills, dikes, batholiths, laccoliths |
| VOLCANISM (9), FAULTING & FOLDING (6), EARTHQUAKES (3) - (18 Questions) |
| TERMS: |
| Lava, magma, felsic, mafic, granitic, basaltic, composite volcano, plug dome, shield volcano, cinder cones, hot spots, caldera, lahar, incandescent ash flow (pyroclastic flow), flood basalts (lava plateaus), symmetrical folds, asymetrical fold, anticline, syncline, fold, fault, earthquake, focus, epicenter, seismograph, Richter Magnitude (Scale), Moment Magnitude, Mercalli Scale, joint, tensional stress, compressional stress, transverse stress, reverse fault, normal fault, strike-slip fault, transcurrent fault or transform fault, horst, graben, rift valley formation, tsunami |
| CONCEPTS: |
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Fault
structures (those found at colliding plates vs separating plates);
different types of eruptions based on magma composition VOLCANOES: Make sure you know... *location of major volcanic activity, type of volcanoes at different plate boundaries, like subduction zones *lahars *different volcanic cones (cinder, shield, composite, plug dome) and their internal structure and composition *caldera *hot spots *difference between eruptions of silica-rich magmas vs. those rich in iron/magnesium |
| :FAULTING/FOLDING: Make sure you know *what the difference is between a fault and a joint *know what faulting is *know what kind of stress (compressional, tensional, transverse, etc) are associated with rift valleys *know what a syncline is versus an anticline. Also, know the difference between a symmetrical and an asymmetrical fold in terms of the compressional forces that create the fold *what kind of fault is the San Andreas Fault? *know what a horst is EARTHQUAKES: Make sure you know... *know what the term is for where an earthquake originates *know what the Richter Scale measures and the values of the scale *know what the Mercalli scale is |
| WEATHERING (9) and MASS WASTING (4) - (13 Questions) |
| TERMS: |
| Degradation, aggradation, weathering, mass wasting, erosion, mechanical weathering, chemical weathering, biological weathering, frost wedging, talus cone, salt wedging, differential expansion, exfoliation, oxidation, hydration and hydrolysis, carbonation and solution, rusting, soil creep, solifluction, earth flows, slump, mudflow, slide movements, fall movements |
| CONCEPTS: |
| degradational processes (weathering, mass wasting, erosion) and their differences; weathering processes and where they are most active; factors influencing mass movements; different movements and their speed and moisture content |
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WEATHERING: Make sure you know... *know that weathering of rock materials is the initial process in the tearing down of landscapes followed by mass wasting and then finally erosion *know what exfoliation is and where good examples are found *know what frost wedging is and in what geographic location and climatic region you would find it most active *know which weathering processes are forms of physical (or mechanical) weathering such as frost wedging, salt wedging, differential expansion, and exfoliation vs. forms of chemical weathering such as oxidation, hydration, hydrolysis, carbonation and solution. *where are chemical weathering processes most active *what is hydration and how is it different from hydrolysis *know what the most common oxidation effect in the lithosphere is *know the various types of biological weathering MASS WASTING: Make sure you know... *know which mass movement is quickest and dry and the one that is slow and saturated: see text and diagram in your textbook to help with these. *know which mass movement creates talus slopes and is a talus slope a stable or unstable landform *know what solifluction is and that it is a form of soil creep |