GPH 212 - Review Sheet for Exam III - Ahrens Chapter 8 (all), Chapter 9 (pp. 236-end - Local wind systems), Chapter 10 (pp. 254-270; stop where atmosphere-ocean interactions begin), Chapter 11 (all), Chapter 12 (all).
Time limit: 2 hours.

SCANTRON EXAM for the bulk (multiple choice). There is one fill in the blank/ short explanation question.

NO Sharing of Textbooks, notes, or calculators on an exam.

Breakdown of material from each chapter on exam - total 40 questions. Covers all lecture notes, everything I mentioned in class and material from all assigned chapters in the text - see above for page numbers. Number of questions from each section or topic are in parentheses.

*Units of pressure, barometers and how they work

*Surface map vs upper air charts: how are they produced, what do they show, how are they different.

*How does temperature in the troposphere affect pressures and heights that we find similar pressures at?  Example: how would the pressures compare between a warm column and a cold column at a height of say 5000m?

*Forces that make the various winds: PGF(including the concept of pressure gradient itself, what it does to air, how the force is directed, etc., and relationship of pressure gradient to wind speed/velocity), Coriolis (how it works, what affects it, etc), Centripetal, and Friction; how do these forces modify the wind speed or direction

*Winds: geostrophic, gradient, surface: how do these winds blow relative to the contours or isobars. Which forces are involved for each of these wind types. If flow is balanced, which forces are balanced to make the wind.

*Convergence and Divergence. What do these terms mean and where are they found relative to 'highs' and 'lows'?

*Know the circulation around highs (anticyclones) and lows (cyclones) both at the surface and aloft (above) - in both hemispheres.

*Buys-Ballot's Law - be able to use this law to answer a question.

*land/sea breeze, valley/mountain breeze, Asian monsoon circulation. Again, how and when do these winds form? Know how they work.

*General circulation of the atmosphere including all pressure belts, prevailing winds and circulation cells. e.g., - ITCZ, Equatorial low, subtropical high, subpolar low, polar high,etc.
- tradewinds, westerlies, polar easterlies, polar front, polar jet stream, horse latitudes, doldrums.
- Hadley cells, Ferrel cells, Polar cells, etc. - basically the entire 3-cell model as describe in the notes
and textbook.

*Know about seasonal shifting of all above features.

*Know the 1-cell and 3-cell models and the various assumptions that are the foundation for each of these models.

*Know prevailing winds by latitude location or belt if it is a wide area.

*Semipermanent highs and lows; thermal highs and lows. What causes the thermal highs and lows to form and where are they most commonly found.

*Cold front, warm front, stationary front, occluded front. Know what each one is and the air masses that they separate.

*Know the types of weather conditions that are found before the front, during passage and after the front - temperature, dewpoint, pressure, clouds, precipitation, winds, etc. see notes for complete list

*Know the characteristics of, intensity of, and duration of the precipitation associated with the cold and warm fronts.

*Be able to recognize top view or side view of the various fronts along with associated air masses and weather events.

*Be able to answer questions based on a diagram of a mid-latitude cyclone with associated fronts.

*Air mass types, characteristics and source regions. Know about stability of the air masses. Know what areas are affected by the various airmasses surrounding North America.

*Know the process associated with lake effect snows.

*Be able to answer questions based on a diagram of a mid-latitude cyclone with associated fronts. Know the conditions surrounding a mature mid-latitude cyclone so that you can answer questions such as: where is the zone of lowest pressure? which location would have clear skies? where is the wind direction from a particular direction? Also, what are the temperatures, dewpoints, pressure changes in various locations, etc.

*Upper level waves and their relationship to surface storms. Zones of convergence and divergence. Rising and sinking air and generation of surface pressure features. Recall...I drew a diagram of this on the whiteboard.

*Also, how do upper level conditions affect surface storm movement? strengthening? weakening?

*Shortwaves vs longwaves; what do shortwaves do and when do they intensify or weaken? How is the speed of movement of a shortwave different than a longwave?

*Jet streaks and development of surface storms. Know where divergence and convergence occurs in a jet streak (maxima) (both curved and straight maxima) and what this has to do with surface storm strength.